Options

Implied Volatility

The volatility level implied by an option's market price — the market's forward forecast of realized volatility over the option's life.

Definition

Implied volatility (IV) is solved from the option-pricing model that takes spot, strike, time, and rates as inputs. The VIX is the most-quoted IV benchmark, calculated from a strip of SPX options at ~30 days to expiry.

IV typically trades above realized vol (the 'variance risk premium'), but can compress to or below realized during low-vol regimes.

Why it matters

IV is the price of insurance. It governs option strategy P&L, position sizing for vol sellers, and the cost of hedges for long-only investors.

Worked example

March 2020: VIX peaked at 82, implying daily SPX moves of ~5%. Realized vol hit 80+ over the following month — IV was correctly priced, not excessive.

Frequently asked

Why is IV usually above realized?
The 'variance risk premium' compensates sellers for tail risk that realized data doesn't yet show.
What's the difference between IV and HV?
HV (historical/realized) is backward-looking; IV is the market's forward forecast embedded in option prices.
Does IV always rise in selloffs?
Generally yes for equity indices due to leverage and skew, but slow-grind declines can see IV compress (the 'vol crush of decline').
How do you trade IV directly?
VIX futures, variance swaps, straddles, or strangles isolate volatility from spot direction.

Related terms

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